Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. Words. The Second Great Awakening is said to have ended with the start of the American Civil War. 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Whereas Martin Luther and John Calvin had preached a doctrine of predestination and close reading of scripture, new evangelical ministers spread a message of personal and experiential faith that rose above mere book learning. 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Which of the following is not a tenet of the Enlightenment? Nonetheless, the Great Awakening touched the lives of thousands on both sides of the Atlantic and provided a shared experience in the eighteenth-century British Empire. These new churches gained converts and competed with older Protestant groups like Anglicans (members of the Church of England), Congregationalists (the heirs of Puritanism in America), and Quakers. During the First Great Awakening, evangelists came from the ranks of several Protestant denominations: Congregationalists, Anglicans (members of the Church of England), and Presbyterians. Great Awakening Great Awakening Document C (Modified) Boston Evening-Post, July 15, 1745 To George Whitefield, You have sown the harmful seeds of separation and disorder among us. In its history, North America has witnessed several awakenings, the most famous of which is the First Great Awakening of the 1730s and 1740s. What historians call “the first Great Awakening” can best be described as a revitalization of religious piety that swept through the American colonies between the 1730s and the 1770s. first great awakening Essay Examples. Tennant helped to spark a Presbyterian revival in the Middle Colonies (Pennsylvania, New York, and New Jersey), in part by founding a seminary to train other evangelical clergyman. Not everyone embraced George Whitefield and other New Lights. Individuals could bring about their own salvation by accepting Christ, an especially welcome message for those who had felt excluded by traditional Protestantism: women, the young, and people at the lower end of the social spectrum. The Great Depression, 1929-1932, Assessing the Hoover Years on the Eve of the New Deal, Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932-1941, Fighting the Good Fight in World War II, 1941-1945, The Origins of War: Europe, Asia, and the United States, Post-War Prosperity and Cold War Fears, 1945-1960, The African American Struggle for Civil Rights, Political Storms at Home and Abroad, 1968-1980, Jimmy Carter in the Aftermath of the Storm, The Challenges of the Twenty-First Century. In the 1774 portrait of George Whitefield by engraver Elisha Gallaudet (a), Whitefield appears with a gentle expression on his face. Both movements began in Europe, but they advocated very different ideas: the Great Awakening promoted a fervent, emotional religiosity, while the Enlightenment encouraged the pursuit of reason in all things. The Great Awakening arose at a time when man in Europe and the American colonies were questioning the role of the individual in religion and society. The writings of the French skeptics and the Enlightenment thinkers so pervaded the Colonies that churches struggled to remain open. Great Awakening Reading and Worksheet This simple, 1-page reading explains the background, people, events, and significance of the Great Awakening in America. One prominent Freemason, Benjamin Franklin, stands as the embodiment of the Enlightenment in British America ([link]). They rejected what appeared to be sterile, formal modes of worship in favor of a vigorous emotional religiosity. • The First Americans. Between 1739 and 1740, he electrified colonial listeners with his brilliant oratory. Franklin’s deism guided his many philanthropic projects. Franklin also wrote of his “rags to riches” tale, his Memoir, in the 1770s and 1780s. By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. Many established Old Lights decried the way the new evangelical religions appealed to people’s passions, rather than to traditional religious values. The Great Awakening saw the rise of several Protestant denominations, including Methodists, Presbyterians, and Baptists (who emphasized adult baptism of converted Christians rather than infant baptism). How do these two artists portray the same man? Conversion was believed to be the first step on the road to salvation, and the conversion experience was opened up to all who recognized their own sinfulness. Franklin observed that lightning strikes tended to hit metal objects and reasoned that he could therefore direct lightning through the placement of metal objects during an electrical storm. Jonathan Edwards (1703-17) was the most important American preacher during the Great Awakening. At the age of seventeen, the independent-minded Franklin ran away, eventually ending up in Quaker Philadelphia. It's a test abput the great awakening the 13 colony and the french & indian war. TASK Using information from the documents and your knowledge of (A Second Great Awakening would take place in the 1800s.) Colleges became hotbeds of humanism, and Christian students, what few there were, practiced their faith secretly. a cultural and intellectual movement that emphasized reason and science over superstition and religion, a Protestant revival that emphasized emotional, experiential faith over book learning, a cultural shift that promoted Christianity among slave communities, the birth of an American identity, promoted by Benjamin Franklin, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Explain the significance of the Great Awakening, Describe the genesis, central ideas, and effects of the Enlightenment in British North America. The Second Great Awakening can be divided into three phases. $1.50. Revivalism stands for a desire or inclination to revive what belongs to an earlier time. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. On both sides of the Atlantic, British subjects grappled with these new ideas. Freemasonry originated in London coffeehouses in the early eighteenth century, and Masonic lodges (local units) soon spread throughout Europe and the British colonies. It was part of the religious ferment that swept western Europe in the latter part of the 17th century and early 18th century. And, although the most significant years were … • Colonial Era. Play as. Curated Resources He used this knowledge to advocate the use of lightning rods: metal poles connected to wires directing lightning’s electrical charge into the ground and saving wooden homes in cities like Philadelphia from catastrophic fires. Spiritual Awakening in the Theologies of Jonathan Edwards and Charles G. Finney. Religious passion intensified. • The First Great Awakening was lead by Jonathon Edwards in the 1730's and 1740's and impacted both sides of the Atlantic and involved a move away from ritual and doctrine. In this lesson, students will critically examine three historical documents to answer the question: Why was Whitefield so popular? There he began publishing the Pennsylvania Gazette in the late 1720s, and in 1732 he started his annual publication Poor Richard: An Almanack, in which he gave readers much practical advice, such as “Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.”. Church membership soared. The influence of these older Protestant groups, such as the New England Congregationalists, declined because of the Great Awakening. The Great Awakening caused a split between those who followed the evangelical message (the “New Lights”) and those who rejected it (the “Old Lights”). What details can you find in the cartoon that indicate the artist’s distaste for the preacher? In doing so, they will practice key aspects of historical thinking. Benjamin Franklin was a prominent Freemason. Many consider the Enlightenment a major turning point in Western civilization, an age of light replacing an age of darkness. The Dilemma of the West, Cotton is King: The Antebellum South, 1800–1860, African Americans in the Antebellum United States, The Filibuster and the Quest for New Slave States, Antebellum Idealism and Reform Impulses, 1820–1860, An Awakening of Religion and Individualism, The Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Republican Party, The Dred Scott Decision and Sectional Strife, The Origins and Outbreak of the Civil War, Congress and the Remaking of the South, 1865–1866, Go West Young Man! *Response times vary by subject and question complexity. first great awakening. Finally, cosmopolitanism reflected Enlightenment thinkers’ view of themselves as citizens of the world and actively engaged in it, as opposed to being provincial and close-minded. Both movements had lasting impacts on the colonies. Masonic lodges soon spread throughout Europe and the British colonies, creating a shared experience on both sides of the Atlantic and spreading Enlightenment intellectual currents throughout the British Empire. In 1733, he and 113 immigrants arrived on the ship Anne. The Great Awakening, the most important event in American religion during the eighteenth century, was a series of emotional religious revivals that spread across the American colonies in the late 1730s and 1740s. In 1749, he provided the foundation for the University of Pennsylvania, and in 1751, he helped found Pennsylvania Hospital. Progressivism is the belief that through their powers of reason and observation, humans could make unlimited, linear progress over time; this belief was especially important as a response to the carnage and upheaval of the English Civil Wars in the seventeenth century. The First Great Awakening involved with having to do revivals/Revivalism. The Freemasons were a fraternal society that advocated Enlightenment principles of inquiry and tolerance. Are You Ready For Wolf Attacks? In Savannah, the Oglethorpe Plan provided for a utopia: “an agrarian model of sustenance while sustaining egalitarian values holding all men as equal.”. Quiz Flashcard. The gospel spread both east and west, to Asia, to Africa, and to the Americas. The Awakening Study Guide CHAPTER I Vocabulary chamomile – a plant gaunt – thin, bony lugger – a small boat with a sail quadroon – a person who has one African- American grandparent 1. The First Great Awakening (sometimes Great Awakening) or the Evangelical Revival was a series of Christian revivals that swept Britain and its thirteen North American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s. (A Second Great Awakening would take place in the 1800s.) Having witnessed the terrible conditions of debtors’ prison, as well as the results of releasing penniless debtors onto the streets of London, James Oglethorpe, a member of Parliament and advocate of social reform, petitioned King George II for a charter to start a new colony. By supporting the new churches, by claiming that our Ministers are unacquainted with Christ, you have stopped the spread of the Gospel, and hurt the Peace and good Order. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. • Civil War. In the 1763 British political cartoon to the right, “Dr. That revival was part of a much broader movement, an evangelical upsurge taking place simultaneously on the other side of the Atlantic, most notably in England, Scotland, and Germany. it's a test abput the great awakening the 13 colony and the french & indian war. The Freemasons were a fraternal society that originated in London coffeehouses in the early eighteenth century. The British colonist Benjamin Franklin gained fame on both sides of the Atlantic as a printer, publisher, and scientist. trust to kill a mockingbird christmas zoo solution great depression the yellow wallpaper women's rights introduction argumentative vietnam war synthesis poetry analysis freedom of speech mother tongue. When he retired in 1748, he devoted himself to politics and scientific experiments. In 1731, he established a reading library that became the Library Company of Philadelphia. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. to. On both sides of the Atlantic, British subjects grappled with these new ideas. Great Awakening and Enlightenment by OpenStaxCollege is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Powered by Create your own unique website with customizable templates. Oglethorpe’s vision for Georgia followed the ideals of the Age of Reason, seeing it as a place for England’s “worthy poor” to start anew. The foremost evangelical of the Great Awakening was an Anglican minister named George Whitefield. The Americas, Europe, and Africa Before 1492, Early Globalization: The Atlantic World, 1492–1650, Portuguese Exploration and Spanish Conquest, Religious Upheavals in the Developing Atlantic World, New Worlds in the Americas: Labor, Commerce, and the Columbian Exchange, Creating New Social Orders: Colonial Societies, 1500–1700, Colonial Rivalries: Dutch and French Colonial Ambitions, Rule Britannia! It includes George Whitfield, Jonathan Edwards and his "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" sermon, how the Great Awakening influenced. The Second Great Awakening also reinvigorated the mainstream Protestant faiths (Baptist, Methodist, New Side Presbyterian) popularized in the First Great Awakening of the 18th century that we now think of as less fundamentalist, less evangelical Mainline Protestant. The Great Awakening allowed for ministers like George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards to share their ideas about God’s vengeful supremacy and for the first time sermons were being aimed at colonist’s hearts, instead of … There would be more Great Awakenings. Median response time is 34 minutes and may be longer for new subjects. Top Tag’s. The first phase (1795–1810) was associated with frontier camp meetings conducted by American preachers James McGready, John McGee, and Barton W. Stone in Kentucky and Tennessee.The second and more conservative phase of the awakening (1810–25) centred in the Congregational churches of New England under the … Oglethorpe led the settlement of the colony, which was called Georgia in honor of the king. In this 1748 portrait by Robert Feke, a forty-year-old Franklin wears a stylish British wig, as befitted a proud and loyal member of the British Empire. A revival in his church in Northampton, Massachusetts, 1734-1735, was considered a harbinger of the Awakening which unfolded a few years later. George II, understanding the strategic advantage of a British colony standing as a buffer between South Carolina and Spanish Florida, granted the charter to Oglethorpe and twenty like-minded proprietors in 1732. Visit the Worldly Ways section of PBS’s Benjamin Franklin site to see an interactive map showing Franklin’s overseas travels and his influence around the world. HISTORY ERAS. Enlightenment principles even guided the founding of the colony of Georgia, although those principles could not stand up to the realities of colonial life, and slavery soon took hold in the colony. Rationalism is the idea that humans are capable of using their faculty of reason to gain knowledge. The Constitutional Convention of 1787—The delegates at the 1787 Convention faced a challenge as arduous as those who worked throughout the 1780s to initiate reforms to the American political system. To encourage industry, he gave each male immigrant fifty acres of land, tools, and a year’s worth of supplies. The First Great Awakening had its excesses and faults, yet it also made a significant impact during its own time, the decade of the 1740s, and had a lasting impact on both the American church and American culture. The Second Great Awakening was a Christian religious revival movement Edwards’s best-known sermon, “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God,” used powerful word imagery to describe the terrors of hell and the possibilities of avoiding damnation by personal conversion ([link]). An engraving of Jonathan Edwards, one of the leaders of the First Great Awakening. The Great Awakening: An Historical Analysis Robert D. Rossel Southern Illinois University The Great Awakening (a period of intense religious revivalism be-tween 1730 and 1745) is analyzed as a mechanism of social change. He then took off his own pants and threw them into the fire, but a woman saved them and tossed them back to Davenport, telling him he had gone too far. The revival movement permanently affected Protestantism as adherents strove to renew individual piety and religious devotion. The event that has become known as the Great Awakening actually began years earlier in the 1720s. Explain how the parrot and the mockingbird are used to introduce this chapter. The next day, he told them to burn their clothes as a sign of their casting off the sinful trappings of the world. • Early National Period. One important theme that is important to know about the first Great Awakening is the idea of Old Lights and New Lights. George Whitefield was one of the most influential preachers in Britain and North America in the 18th century and an important figure in the First Great Awakening. Even prior to the revival there were strains in American religion as The beliefs of the New Lights of the First Great Awakening competed with the religions of the first colonists, and the religious fervor in Great Britain and her North American colonies bound the eighteenth-century British Atlantic together in a shared, common experience. The reach of Enlightenment thought was both broad and deep. In all, Enlightenment thinkers endeavored to be ruled by reason, not prejudice. The elite ministers in British America were firmly Old Lights, and they censured the new revivalism as chaos. This great book remains arguably one of the two most important books on America political life, the Federalist Papers being the other one. Edwards was … Search 117. The Great Awakening was an evangelical movement that emphasized the importance of personal conversion. Another outburst of Protestant revivalism began in New Jersey, led by a minister of the Dutch Reformed Church named Theodorus Frelinghuysen. Get Started • Pre-Civil War Era. Several ideas dominated Enlightenment thought, including rationalism, empiricism, progressivism, and cosmopolitanism. What emotions are the illustration for his memoirs intended to evoke? He embodied Enlightenment ideals in the British Atlantic with his scientific experiments and philanthropic endeavors. While the Great Awakening emphasized vigorously emotional religiosity, the Enlightenment promoted the power of reason and scientific observation. Joel R Beeke, Dr Michael S Horton, Richard B Gaffin Jr, Greg Gilbert. One passage reads: “The wrath of God burns against them [sinners], their damnation don’t slumber, the pit is prepared, the fire is made ready, the furnace is now hot, ready to receive them, the flames do now rage and glow. Great Awakening, religious revival in the British American colonies between about 1720 and the 1740s. His most famous work, on electricity, exemplified Enlightenment principles. So, You Want To Downplay Doctrine? During the eighteenth century, the British Atlantic experienced an outburst of Protestant revivalism known as the First Great Awakening. However, colonists who relocated from other colonies, especially South Carolina, disregarded these prohibitions. Academia.edu is a platform for academics to share research papers. Like many evangelical ministers, Whitefield was itinerant, traveling the countryside instead of having his own church and congregation. Oglethorpe’s vision called for alcohol and slavery to be banned. Basically, Old lights did not appreciate all of the emotional fervor that went along with the Great Awakening, and they were ultimately against the Great Awakening movement. The two illustrations below present two very different visions of George Whitefield ([link]). Who were the Freemasons, and why were they significant? Born in Boston in 1706 to a large Puritan family, Franklin loved to read, although he found little beyond religious publications in his father’s house. Squintum’s Exaltation or the Reformation” (b), Whitefield’s hands are raised in a similar position, but there the similarities end. His career as a printer made Franklin wealthy and well-respected. A. Puritanism, Evangelicalism and the Evangelical Protestant Tradition, The Cumberland Controversy: Confessional Subscription in Nineteenth Century American Revivalism, Worked Up or Prayed Down? (A Second Great Awakening would take place in the 1800s.) PDF. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser. The Great Awakening was based on a wave of rivals that were an attempt to keep churches and religion from dying in an era that believed that nature held more answers that the Bible. This was a sharp turn away from the prevailing idea that people needed to rely on scripture or church authorities for knowledge. The movement became known as the Second Great Awakening. They advocated Enlightenment principles of inquiry and tolerance. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. An excerpt from Jonathan Edwards’s most famous New Light sermon, “Sinners in the Hand of an Angry God.” Part of The Great Awakening: A History of the Revival of Religion in the Time of Edwards and Whitefield (1842) describing the New Lights. In 1743, he founded the American Philosophical Society to encourage the spirit of inquiry. In Northampton, Massachusetts, Jonathan Edwards led still another explosion of evangelical fervor. In this unit, students examine the roles that key American founders … It occurred in New England, to Northhampton, and in Massachusetts in 1734. Despite its proprietors’ early vision of a colony guided by Enlightenment ideals and free of slavery, by the 1750s, Georgia was producing quantities of rice grown and harvested by slaves. On both sides of the Atlantic, British subjects grappled with these new ideas. Learn more about the Great Awakening. In which Revivalism was started and led by pastors. Questions and Answers 1. Who was attacked by the French & Indians at Fort William Henry in 1757? Indeed, the revivals did sometimes lead to excess. The mid-eighteenth century witnessed a wave of evangelism without precedent in America, England, Scotland, and Germany. Using the power of the press, Enlightenment thinkers like John Locke, Isaac Newton, and Voltaire questioned accepted knowledge and spread new ideas about openness, investigation, and religious tolerance throughout Europe and the Americas. Northeast. Frelinghuysen’s example inspired other ministers, including Gilbert Tennent, a Presbyterian. This story laid the foundation for the American Dream of upward social mobility. The glittering sword is whet, and held over them, and the pit hath opened her mouth under them.” Edwards’s revival spread along the Connecticut River Valley, and news of the event spread rapidly through the frequent reprinting of his famous sermon. The Enlightenment, or the Age of Reason, was an intellectual and cultural movement in the eighteenth century that emphasized reason over superstition and science over blind faith. Deists also advanced the belief that personal morality—an individual’s moral compass, leading to good works and actions—is more important than strict church doctrines.